Although he never enrolled in the Bavarian War Academy, Kesselring became part of the general staff. Kesselring was uncharacteristically pessimistic about the results of the raids. Even after the line was breached in March 1944 and Rome was captured, he managed to set up a new line (Winter line) in order to impede the advance of the Allies. [293] Tensfeld was acquitted; Crasemann was sentenced to 10 years; and Simon was sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted. [129] For his part in the campaign, Kesselring was awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords,[130] but he lost his one-rank advantage over his subordinates; Rommel was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall on 22 June, and Ugo Cavallero became a Marshal of Italy on 1 July, followed by Ettore Bastico on 12 August. . [178] Kesselring immediately moved to secure Rome. [296] Several officers, all below the rank of general, including Kappler, were transferred to the Italian courts for trial. [144] By December, the Allied commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, was forced to concede that Kesselring had won the race; the final phase of Torch had failed and the Axis could only be ejected from Tunisia after a prolonged struggle. Eisenhower had excellent intelligence through Ultra, the decryption of German Enigma machine signals and Japanese Purple diplomatic messages, and from the Italians themselves, and was aware of the German plans to withdraw from southern Italy. He was ordered to search castles that had been used by high-ranking German officers and found the baton. The response from the organisation was unenthusiastic. However, that day von Rundstedt ordered a halt. For political reasons it was decided to hold the trials in Italy,[280] but a request by Italy to allow an Italian judge to participate was denied on the grounds that Italy was not an Allied country. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [216] Kesselring appealed to the Kriegsmarine to move more supplies by sea, and urged his corps and division commanders to conserve ammunition. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Who was France’s youngest 20th-century president? During this period, he was briefly incarcerated for his alleged connection to the coup against the command of III Bavarian Corps. [117][118], Kesselring's Luftflotte 2 made an immediate impact. In January 1918, he returned to the Western Front as a staff officer with the II and III Royal Bavarian Corps. He remained at this post until 1929 when he returned to Bavaria as commander of Wehrkreis VII in Munich. General der Infanterie Hans Felber of the Seventh Army considered the latter the most likely outcome. Albert Kesselring was born in Marktsteft, Bavaria, on 30 November 1885,[Notes 1] the son of Carl Adolf Kesselring, a schoolmaster and town councillor, and his wife Rosina,[2] Carl's second cousin. After the end of the war, he was given a death sentence for the Ardeatine massacre, but it was later changed to life imprisonment. [247] Three days later, Kesselring issued an order authorising reprisals against the civilian population and public executions of captured partisan leaders. [142] In October 1942, Kesselring was given direct command of all German armed forces in the theatre except Rommel's German-Italian Panzer Army in North Africa, including General der Infantrie Enno von Rintelen, the German liaison officer at the Italian Commando Supremo.
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