Many Zoroastrians suggested a consolidation of the calendars: no consensus could be reached, though some took this opportunity to switch to the Fasli observance. It explicitly acknowledged several methods of intercalation: Scholars are divided on whether this 365 day calendar was in fact preceded by a 360 day calendar of Zoroastrian observances. Asmān, 28. [18], In the Julian year 1300 CE, 669 Y.Z. In a 9th century text, Zoroaster's age at the time of his death is stated to have been 77 years and 40 days (Zadspram 23.9), but the "40 days" do not correspond to the difference between the traditional "death day" (11th of Dae) and "birthday" (6th of Frawardin) unless Dae had once been the first month of the year and Frawardin the last. ][citation needed] Mithra, 17. [clarification needed][22], In 1006 CE, the month Frawardin had returned to the correct position so that 1 Frawardin coincided with the northern vernal equinox. The others have one intersection each, for example, the nineteenth day of the first month is the day of special worship of the Fravashis. [citation needed], Zoroastrian dates are distinguished by the suffix Y.Z. [citation needed] On this calendar, 22 July 2000 CE was the first day of Zoroastrian year 2390. Because the one-off intercalation of 30 days happened sometime before the Nawruz of 1129 CE, we can be confident that in that Julian year, 498 YZ began on 12 February by the Qadimi reckoning, but 14 March by the recently introduced Shahanshahi.[18]. Arštāt, 27. The religious importance of the calendar dedications is very significant. on 31 December of the same year. This is based on the putative association of the mission of Zoroaster with the dawn of the astrological Age of Aries, calculated for this purpose to have been the northern vernal equinox of 1738 BCE. 22 July AD 2000 was Nowruz and the first day of 1370 Y.Z. Khšathra Vairya, 5. After 46 years (226–272 CE), with 1 Frawardin now on 19 September, another calendar reform was implemented by Ardashir's grandson Hormazd I (272–273 CE). Mareshpand Jashan is on 14 March. There is some evidence that suggests that in ancient practice Dae was the first month of the year, and Frawardin the last. The names of the 8th, 15th, and 23rd day of the month – reflecting Babylonian practice of dividing the month into four periods – can today be distinguished from one another: These three days are named Dae-pa Adar, Dae-pa Mehr, and Dae-pa Din, Middle Persian expressions meaning 'Creator of' (respectively) Atar, Mithra, and Daena. The 2nd through 7th days are dedicated to the Amesha Spentas, the six 'divine sparks' through whom all subsequent creation was accomplished, and who – in present-day Zoroastrianism - are the archangels. Parsi: Zoroastrianism: Mahpaekar: A girl with a face like the moon. Rašnu, 19. Lists of month names are however known from commentaries on the Avesta texts, from various regional Zoroastrian calendars of the 3rd to 7th centuries, and from living usage. [12][13][14], Mary Boyce has argued that sometime between 399 CE and 518 CE the six-day festivals were compressed to five days. Vāta. The pattern will shift back to a matching set of leap years in 2096 CE. The month-names (with Avestan language names in parentheses), in the ordinal sequence used today, are: The days on which day-name and month-name dedications intersect are festival days (name-day feast days) of special worship. Days where the same spiritual being presides over both month and day (marked with * in the table below) are particularly sacred. Will my baby's name influence his personality? The Fasli calendar cannot track both the Gregorian leap years and strictly start on the vernal equinox; further, any calendar strictly tied to the 'day of the equinox' must define when the day starts and ends, which depends on longitude-[25], A briefing paper from the Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe indicates that, The three different Zoroastrian calendar-traditions are similar with regard to the principle of the beginning of the months. It used an intercalary month roughly once every six years. In medieval times, according to the Bundahishn, in winter there were only four periods, with Hawan extending from daybreak until Uziran, with the omission of Rapithwan. The penultimate day of the twelfth month is Mareshpand Jashan. In 1959, and at four-year intervals back to 1927, Iranian New Year's Day fell on 22 March in the Gregorian calendar. The earliest Zoroastrian calendar (also misleadingly called "Avestan calendar"[citation needed][by whom?]) In Iran, however, the Fasli calendar gained momentum following a campaign in 1930 to persuade the Iranian Zoroastrians to adopt it, under the title of the Bastani (traditional) calendar. [29] On the Calendar of Zoroastrian Feasts. The religious festivals were therefore returned to their traditional months, with Nawruz once again being celebrated on 1 Frawardin. follows the Babylonian in relating the seventh and other days of the month to Ahura Mazda. [4], Like all ancient calendar, the Babylonian calendar was lunisolar. Also the name of Bezan's wife and Afrasiab's daughter. The dedication to the Ahuric Apam Napat would almost certainly have been an issue for devotees of Aredvi Sura Anahita, whose shrine cult was enormously popular between the 4th century BCE and the 3rd century CE and who is (accretions included) a functional equal of Apam Napat. The oldest (though not dateable) testimony for the existence of the day dedications comes from Yasna 16, a section of the Yasna liturgy that is – for the most part – a veneration to the 30 divinities with day-name dedications. Hence the year 3738 ZRE began in 2000 CE. Girl: Parsi: Zoroastrianism: Mohor: Parsi - Moon; 12th day of a month: Girl: Persian: Zoroastrianism: Naztab: Shining grace. The Bastani calendar was duly accepted by many of the Zoroastrians. (2005). for "Yazdegirdi Era". "Shahanshahi" ("imperial") is a calendar reconstructed from the 10th-century text Denkard. The Julian Day Number of Nowruz, the first day, of Year Y of the Yazdegirdi Era is therefore 1952063 + (Y − 1) × 365. On 6 June 1745 CE (Julian), a number of Parsis in and around Surat adopted the calendar which had continued in use in Iran, now to be identified as the Qadimi reckoning. The Julian Day Number of Nawruz, the first day, of all subsequent Shahanshahi years Y of the Yazdegirdi Era is therefore 1952093 + (Y − 1) × 365. Since there is exactly one Fasli year for every Gregorian year, then day one of the proleptic Fasli calendar would be 21 March (Gregorian) 631 CE, with Year 2 beginning on 21 March 632 CE. [4][7][12] At this point the calendar was realigned with the seasons by delaying the epagemonai by eight months (so that they now preceded the start of the ninth month) and adjusting the dates of the gahanbar (farming festivals) accordingly. Fravašayō, 20. The major feasts, or gahambars, of contemporary Zoroastrian practice, are still kept as five-day observances today. Around the 10th century CE, the Greater Nawruz was associated with the return of the legendary king, Jamsed; in contemporary practice it is kept as the symbolic observance of Zoroaster's birthday, or Khordad Sal. Another implementation of the zanc.org calendar above. In present-day use, the day and month names are the Middle Persian equivalents of the divine names or the concepts, but in some cases reflect Semitic influences (for instance Tištrya appears as Tir, which Boyce (1982:31–33) asserts is derived from Nabu-*Tiri). The Siroza – a two-part Avesta text with individual dedications to the 30 calendar divinities – has the same sequence. Verethragna, Rāman, Vāta are respectively the hypostases of victory, the breath of life, and the (other) divinity of the wind and 'space'. New Year's Day would be kept on the northward vernal equinox, and if the leap-day was applied correctly, would not drift away from the spring. Not only does the calendar establish the hierarchy of the major divinities, it ensures the frequent invocation of their names since the divinities of both day and month are mentioned at every Zoroastrian act of worship.[28]. Iranian time is 3.5 hours ahead of GMT. That month would also be the last month intercalated: subsequent generations of Parsis neglected to insert a thirteenth month. (or 3738 ZRE) according to the Shahanshahi reckoning. [29][25][27][30][31], The civil calendar in Iran since 31 March 1925 CE has been the Solar Hejri calendar. The months and the days of the month in the Zoroastrian calendar are dedicated to, and named after, a divinity or divine concept. [27], In 1992, all three calendars happened to have the first day of a month on the same day. Summer . Hvar, 12. bahman (30 days) 20 Jan. - 18 Feb. Aquarius. The calendar had continued to slip against the Julian calendar since the previous reform at the rate of one day every four years. (or 3738 ZRE) according to the Qadimi reckoning. [15], The Fasli proposal had two useful features: a leap-day once every four years, and harmony with the tropical year. Vohu Manah, 3. Mareshpand Jashan is on 13 March. The Shap Working Party on Education in Religions, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://archive.org/stream/chronologyofanci00biru#page/12/mode/2up, http://www.essenes.net/pdf/On%20the%20Calendar%20of%20Zoroastrian%20Feasts%20.pdf, http://www.michaelstausberg.net/Texts/Zoroastrian%20Festivals.pdf, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/holydays/khordadsal.shtml, http://heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/calendar/index.htm, http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/pdf/pithavala.pdf, http://www.zoroastrian.org/articles/The%20Precise%20Iranian%20Calendar.htm, http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/norooz_zarathushtrian_new_year.php, http://www.imcce.fr/en/grandpublic/temps/jour_julien.php, http://www.avesta.org/denkard/dk3s414.html#chap419, http://zoroastrian.ru/files/eng/zoroastrian-calendars-1379-ay-1400-ay-fasli.pdf, http://www.moonwise.co.uk/year/1375zoroastrian.htm, http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/calendar/page2.htm, http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/definitions/Zoroastrian, http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/IranianCalendar.html, http://www.en.iran.ir/about/iranian-calendar, http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/TimeOfTheNewYear.htm, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/festivals-i, http://www3.sympatico.ca/zoroastrian/cal.html, http://www.shapworkingparty.org.uk/calendar2.html.
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