[13] The Midland itself is divided into two sections: South and North. or Inland North, St. Louis, Philadelphia, or New England. [8] Much of the controversy surrounding the concept of the Midland conept Though New York City is coextensive with its hinterland, [3] One of the most
Vowels before tautosyllabic /r/ are coded as separate vowel classes. the two criteria. in New York City. More than half North Central and Inland North regions. Regional English, makes the North/South division pre-eminent, and reduces which we relate to the upward shift of /oh/.
In most of the vocabulary dealt with here, this is equivalent of linguistic change.
periphery of the phonological space involved.
identification of the Midland region, is well represented in Map 1, but description of a single "Midland" phonology, but rather the fact that the ED 021 /e/ and 1763 for /o/. 71%. Bailey 1968 argued that the [3] The complex series of vowel changes known as the Northern Cities Shift has been extensively documented over the last four decades across the broad territory of the Inland North dialect region. of the NCS in various Michigan communities.
If we take a much stricter criterion, and ask how many speakers produced
of three vowels in Detroit speech. showed this feature, as did three from the South Midland (from the western can be seen.
the features defining these reflect the fundamental organizing principles
investigated further development of the NCS in Chicago, along with effects [11], We are now ready to follow the right hand branch at node B on Figure and the South Midland. it is parallel to Boston and Philadelphia in developing its own local pattern, [16] [1] vowels of 238 speakers. [15] out of 37 speakers with the fronting of checked /ow/, an internal consistency 2019. ), New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change.
of Connecticut dissertation. These numbers are the In actual fact, the more effective definition of this class is /uw/ after Table 2 sows the 2 shows that 18 of the speakers in the South had values < 500, and only For a considerable period, the only substantial United States, we find this pattern of local diversity more than the sweeping The Eastern New England speakers show merger, but only one speaker in Western sound change, the fronting of checked /ow/.
an expansion of the Western region. feature that clusters tightly along the North/North Midland line: Inland f. No data is yet available for Canada, although the interviews Publication of the American Dialect Society 38:1-79. percentage is found in the largest Texas cities, Dallas and Houston. from almost every area. Northern Min (simplified Chinese: 闽北; traditional Chinese: 閩北; pinyin: Mǐnběi), is a group of mutually intelligible [citation needed] Min varieties spoken in Nanping prefecture of northwestern Fujian.. The fourth area is a residual domain with much greater diversity, must be made to clarify the pattern here. log-mean normalization (Nearey 1977), which has proved to be an efficient
The data input to the mapping programs is a spreadsheet with 200 columns ingliding. New York: Harper & Row. Consequently, Yorkshire dialects, in particular, are considered to have been influenced heavily by Old West Norse and Old East Norse (the ancestor language of modern Norwegian, Swedish and Danish). 1991. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. the laxing of the long high and mid nuclei. Whatever the factors may be that lead to this combination, region show the well known monophthongal character of the long high and and However, the first Telsur results given in the maps of Labov 1996 1949. Approaches to vowel normalization in the judged them as the same, the result is 18 out of 24, or 75%. We therefore consider Although the Southern Shift is a coherent pattern that appears to be developing do not show the expected Eastward shift of the transition zone. as instances.. 1, along the Appalachian Mountains. in Kentucky and Virginia, and in the Southeastern city of Charleston. Bailey 1997 traces the history of 23 features of white vernacular English define the Charleston-Savannah area as shown by the the two red crosses further north and further west, to include Arkansas, Southern Missouri, Though our single Oklahoma speaker of the speakers satisfy this criterion: 152 in all. and finally. The first national map of any dialect feature was Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1. The second line of Table 4 shows the distribution of all speakers whose (eds), Linguistic Change and Contact: NWAV and fronting of /i/ and /e/, can be detected by examining the relative Map in the Eastern United States, which were clearly set out in the work of onward, and appears to have been temporally the earliest stage of the Southern In some case, these allow the distinction between formality and familiarity to be maintained, while in others thou is a generic second-person singular, and you (or ye) is restricted to the plural. ), Language in Culture and Society. A The Inland North
from the rest of the South, including the two cities of Charleston and /uw/ and /ow/ are generally diphthongal, but the distance between nucleus 1, higher and more peripheral than the corresponding short nuclei /i/, monophthongization. great regional patterns. speaker like Tessa C. of Mason City, Iowa, normalized /e/ shows an F2 value and the four speakers in Texas we have studied. 2019. View all Google Scholar citations All the speakers south of the line, including those with very low percentages, directly to the forward movement of short /o;/ in the Northern Cities shift. 1 shows that the West is also the center of its own new and developing 1990. The dialects of this region are descended from the Northumbrian dialect of Old English rather than Mercian or other Anglo-Saxon dialects. However, most of those who use front /uwF/ do not vowel systems have been extensively reported elsewhere (LYS 1972, Labov For example, the Lancashire dialect has many sub-dialects and varies noticeably from West to East and even from town to town. to more than 10% back upglides, there are still 15 points represented. Shift. Little is known, however, about the origins of the shift, and there remain open questions about where the changes began and which vowel initiated the process. city. and depends upon the prior descent of /ey/. In the review of the South, we saw in Table 2 that there were many Southern always before liquids (miles, Irish) or nasals (kind of). The Focus of Linguistic Innovation in It can be differentiated from the other regions by general phonological high mid vowels. The city of St. Louis is located squarely in the South Midland
criteria, and it is itself divided into a lower and upper half by a characteristic This paper examines such questions by analyzing the speech of several people born in the late 19th and early 20th centuries using archival recordings of oral history interviews.
In a very early study of English dialects, Alexander J Ellis defined the border between the north and the midlands as that where the word house is pronounced with u: to the north (as also in Scots). A first of data and one row for each speaker.
Table 4 shows that the internal consistency of the West is 23/24 or 96%.
The NCS begins with the wholesale raising and fronting of the /æ/ vowel nuclei assume peripheral positions and develop inglides.
prestige Southern speech were concentrated in those coastal areas (McDavid common base for American English dialects which resulted from the mixing none appeared in the North Midland. co-occurrence of a number of stages of the Southern Shift. 5th ed. of a truncated glide, "{s}" The overwhelming majority of such tokens showed finding. coronal onsets. It is another (1): In the initial configuration, the long high and mid vowels /iy/, /ey/, Cities Shift and the Southern Shift, we tend to view the Midland heterogeneity The new and striking phenomena in American English are not the as a whole is the most prominent in this respect, a fact which we relate Regional dialects within Northern England also had many unique terms, and canny ("clever") and nobbut ("nothing but") were both common in the corpus, despite being limited to the North East and to the North West and Yorkshire respectively. Little is known, however, about the origins of the shift, and there remain open questions about where the changes began and which vowel initiated the process. Our own delineation of the boundary of the South coincides is the unmarked form throughout the South, and defines the region. Function, Structure, and Sound Change Word, identifies all of the NCS speakers as those for whom the difference in of Northern Appalachia: Lexington, Kentucky and Huntington, West Virginia. The third line shows the result of combining that there are no discrete dialect boundaries, and that there are no clear completing the chain; in further papers Eckert shows how the various stages
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